
Patch Diff Exploit
FreeTransform patches into actionable exploits.
Free · Opens the source repo
What Patch Diff Exploit does
The Patch Diff Exploit skill is designed for security professionals and reverse engineers who need to analyze software patches to identify vulnerabilities. This skill allows users to reverse-engineer vendor patches to discover weaknesses in software that have been addressed but not publicly documented. By leveraging binary diffing techniques, users can analyze the differences between patched and unpatched binaries, pinpointing the changes that may indicate security flaws.
This skill is particularly useful in scenarios where a known CVE (Common Vulnerability and Exposure) exists, but no proof of concept (PoC) is available. It enables security researchers and red teams to create PoCs for vulnerabilities in systems that have not been updated with the latest patches. Additionally, it assists in the analysis of monthly Patch Tuesday updates from Microsoft, allowing users to quickly identify critical vulnerabilities that may affect their systems.
The core methodology involves taking the before and after versions of binaries, aligning symbols, and performing a binary diff to identify new security checks. By analyzing these changes, users can infer the type of bugs that were fixed and subsequently write PoCs to exploit these vulnerabilities. This process is essential for maintaining security in environments where assets may not be updated promptly, enabling proactive measures against potential exploits.
The skill is structured to guide users through a five-step workflow, from obtaining the necessary binaries to writing and validating PoCs. It also provides insights into the types of bugs likely introduced by specific code changes, making it easier to understand and exploit vulnerabilities. This skill is an invaluable tool for anyone involved in vulnerability research and exploitation, particularly in environments where timely patching is critical.
When to use it
Use this skill when you have a known CVE but lack a public PoC, or when assessing systems that have not been updated with the latest patches.
When not to use it
This skill is not suitable for scenarios where you need to analyze completely new binaries from scratch or when working in environments where reverse engineering is not permitted.
What you can build with it
Analyzing Windows Patch Tuesday Updates
Use this skill to analyze Microsoft’s monthly patches to identify potential vulnerabilities that could affect unpatched systems.
Creating PoCs for Known CVEs
When a CVE is announced without a PoC, this skill helps reverse engineer the patch to develop your own proof of concept.
Assessing Linux Kernel Backports
Analyze patched and unpatched versions of Linux kernels to find vulnerabilities in backported patches that may still be exploitable.
How to install Patch Diff Exploit
View source1. Install with the skills CLI
npx skills add zhaoxuya520/reverse-skill/patch-diff-exploit --agent claude-code2. Or install it manually
Download the skill folder and drop it into ~/.claude/skills/ for all projects, or .claude/skills/ to scope it to one repo. Restart Claude Code so it picks up the new skill.
Anthropic's agentic coding CLI, and the reference implementation of Agent Skills. Drop a skill folder into ~/.claude/skills and Claude Code loads it automatically whenever a task matches the skill's description. Claude Code docs
Inside SKILL.md
Written by zhaoxuya520ACTION REQUIRED(读完后立刻执行)
NOW: 读取../field-journal/precedent-reverse.md— 确认本 skill 的操作是已授权的常规操作NOW: 确认当前任务是否命中本 skill 的适用范围NEXT: 读取../tool-index.md,校验工具可用性和实际路径NEXT: 缺工具时调用 bootstrap,不要猜路径ACT: 进入"工作流"第一步并执行,不要停在确认状态
N-day 补丁差分到利用 (Patch Diff Exploit)
适用范围
当任务属于以下场景时使用本 skill:
- 已知 CVE 但无公开 PoC — 厂商公告写了"修复了 XX 组件的越界写"但没放 PoC,需要从补丁反推
- SRC / 红队打 N-day — 目标资产未及时更新,需要把刚发布的补丁差成可用的 1-day 利用
- Patch Tuesday 跟进 — 每月第二个周二微软放补丁,需要快速锁定高价值漏洞(Kernel / Win32k / AFD / CLFS)
- Linux LTS 补丁分析 — 主线 fix 已合并,但旁支或某发行版 backport 不全,找未修补面
- 驱动 / 服务的安全补丁还原 — 显卡驱动、AV 引擎、虚拟化组件等闭源软件的补丁分析
与其他 skill 的分工
| 场景 | 用什么 |
|---|---|
| 有旧版符号,迁移到新版本帮助分析 | binary-diff/ |
| 从补丁找漏洞、写 PoC 打补丁前版本 | 本 skill |
| 写出完整利用链(堆喷、ROP、提权) | pwn-chain/ |
| 把 1-day 武器化部署到目标网络 | pentest-tools/network-attack-defense/ |
| 从零逆向一个二进制 | ida-reverse/ / radare2/ |
差别的关键:binary-diff 的目标是让新版可分析(把旧符号搬过来),本 skill 的目标是找出补丁修了什么 bug 然后打补丁前的版本。前者服务防御侧 / 研究侧分析,后者服务攻击侧武器化。
核心原理
patched 二进制 (after) unpatched 二进制 (before)
↓ ↓
导入 IDA/Ghidra 导入 IDA/Ghidra
↓ ↓
└──────── BinDiff / ghidriff ──────┘
↓
函数级 diff(matched / unmatched / changed)
↓
聚焦 match score 中等的函数(0.5 - 0.9)
↓
看新增了什么:边界检查 / 锁 / 字段清零 / 整数溢出检查
↓
反推 bug class:OOB / Race / Info Leak / UAF / Integer Overflow
↓
在 unpatched 版本上写 PoC 触发
↓
验证:unpatched 崩 / patched 不崩 → 漏洞确认
补丁修复模式 → 漏洞类型反查:
| 新增内容 | 大概率的 bug class |
|---|---|
if (a + b < a) / __builtin_add_overflow | 整数溢出 |
KeAcquireSpinLock / mutex_lock | 竞争条件 (TOCTOU / double-free) |
if (idx >= MAX) / if (len > buf_size) | 越界读 / 越界写 |
RtlZeroMemory / memset(struct, 0, ...) | 未初始化内存信息泄漏 |
InterlockedDecrement + refcount 检查 | UAF / 引用计数错误 |
ProbeForRead / ProbeForWrite | 用户态指针未校验 |
SeAccessCheck / capability 校验 | 权限校验缺失 |
删除 / 收紧 IOCTL code | 暴露面收敛(看老接口怎么打) |
工作流
5 步完整流程
Step 1: 拿 before / after 二进制
- Windows: Microsoft Update Catalog 下 MSU/MSP,用 expand.exe / dism 解包
- Linux: 从发行版 USN/RHSA 拉 .deb/.rpm,用 dpkg-deb / rpm2cpio 解包
- 第三方软件: 官网取 N-1 和 N 版本安装包
Step 2: 对齐符号
- 有 PDB 直接吃,没 PDB 时用 binary-diff skill 把 N-1 版本的符号搬到 N 版本
- Linux 内核取对应版本的 vmlinux + System.map / debuginfo
Step 3: 二进制 diff
- BinDiff: 直接给两个 IDB,看函数级匹配结果
- ghidriff: pip 一键安装,CLI 输出 markdown 报告
- Diaphora: IDA 内插件,老牌但需要 IDA Pro
Step 4: 定位变更
- 过滤 match score 0.5-0.95 的函数(完全相同的不看,完全不同的多半是新加 / 重命名)
- 重点看:新增的 if / 新增的循环边界 / 删除的代码块(删了什么也是线索)
- 用 LLM 看 before/after 伪代码反推 bug class(见 references/root-cause-and-poc.md)
Step 5: 写 PoC
- 整数溢出:构造边界值(INT_MAX-1、0xFFFFFFFF)
- 竞争:多线程 hammer,open/close + ioctl 高频并发
- UAF:spray → free → reuse pattern
- OOB:精确控制 len / index 越过边界
- 验证 patched 版本不再崩,unpatched 版本稳定崩 → bug 复现成功
工具调用顺序
下补丁 → 解包 → 加载到 IDA/Ghidra → BinDiff/ghidriff → 看 unmatched/low-match 函数
→ LLM 反推 bug class → 写 PoC → 在 unpatched 跑 → 崩 → 收工
典型场景示例
场景 1:Windows Patch Tuesday — Kernel CVE 复现
背景:2025 年 11 月 Patch Tuesday,MSRC 公告 CVE-2025-62215
Windows Kernel race condition 导致 double free,CVSS 7.0,本地提权
微软只放了补丁,没放细节,没有公开 PoC
目标:复现 PoC,验证未打补丁的 Windows 11 22H2 / 23H2 可提权
步骤:
1. Microsoft Update Catalog 搜 "2025-11" + KB 号,下两个版本:
- 22H2 build 22621.xxxx (unpatched)
- 22H2 build 22621.yyyy (patched 后)
命令:
expand.exe Windows-KB5052000-x64.msu -F:* C:\out\patched\
expand.exe C:\out\patched\Windows-KB5052000-x64.cab -F:* C:\out\patched\
提取 ntoskrnl.exe / win32k.sys / win32kfull.sys / afd.sys
2. 两个版本都吃 PDB (微软符号服务器):
symchk /v /r ntoskrnl.exe /s SRV*C:\sym*https://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols
3. 跑 BinDiff:
bindiff old.BinExport new.BinExport
或 ghidriff:
ghidriff ntoskrnl_old.exe ntoskrnl_new.exe -o diff_out/
4. 看报告,过滤 similarity 0.6-0.95 的函数。
假设定位到 NtXxxIoctl 类函数新增了一段:
KeAcquireSpinLockRaiseToDpc(&obj->Lock);
if (obj->RefCount == 0) { ... goto cleanup; }
→ 新增了锁 + 引用计数检查 → race + double free,符合公告描述
5. 写 PoC:用户态多线程同时调 NtClose + 触发同一对象的 IOCTL,
制造 close 释放与 IOCTL 还在用之间的竞争窗口
崩在 ntoskrnl 的 ObfDereferenceObject 后续 free 路径上
6. 验证:
- unpatched 22621.xxxx 上跑 PoC,~30 秒内 BSOD (BAD_POOL_HEADER 或 DOUBLE_FREE)
- patched 22621.yyyy 上跑同 PoC,无任何异常
→ 复现成功
场景 2:Linux 内核 LTS 分支补丁找未修的旁支
背景:主线 6.x 已修某 net subsystem 的 OOB 写
Ubuntu 22.04 (5.15 LTS) 的 USN 已发布更新
但某些 OEM kernel / Azure kernel 的 backport 节奏更慢
想确认未更新的旁支是否仍可打
目标:取 patched/unpatched 内核,差出 fix commit 对应的二进制变更,
在 unpatched 旁支上重写 PoC
步骤:
1. 拉 patched 与 unpatched 包:
apt download linux-image-5.15.0-101-generic # patched
apt download linux-image-5.15.0-100-generic # unpatched
dpkg-deb -x linux-image-5.15.0-101-generic_*.deb ./patched/
dpkg-deb -x linux-image-5.15.0-100-generic_*.deb ./unpatched/
提取 boot/vmlinuz → 用 extract-vmlinux 还原 ELF
2. 同步取 dbgsym:
apt download linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-101-generic-dbgsym
3. 用 ghidriff (Linux 友好):
ghidriff vmlinux_5.15.0-100 vmlinux_5.15.0-101 \
-o /tmp/kdiff/ --max-section-funcs-analyze 8000
4. 报告里搜 net/ipv4/ net/ipv6/ net/sched/ 等子系统的 changed 函数
找到补丁前 skb_copy_bits 调用前缺少 skb->len 上限校验
→ OOB read,可能配合可触发的 sysctl 升级到 OOB write
5. 在 unpatched 旁支(例如 Azure 5.15.0-1080 backport 落后的版本)
交叉验证:同一函数 fix 是否已 backport
如果没 backport → 旁支仍可打 → 写 PoC 重放
6. 写 PoC:syzkaller harness 改造 / 直接 C PoC 触发对应 syscall
验证旁支 panic / KASAN 报 OOB
注意事项
- 法律边界 — 武器化 N-day 必须在授权范围内(SRC / Bug Bounty / 自有靶机 / CTF)。对生产环境直接打 1-day 等同入侵
- 补丁可能只是"减小爆炸半径" — 看到 patch 不一定就是完整修复,有可能只是补一个利用路径,原始 bug 仍可从别的路径触发(一鱼多吃)
- 变量名/类型不要被欺骗 — Windows 补丁经常顺手做 cleanup / rename,看似变更很大但实际无关。要看控制流和数据流,不要看 token 级 diff
- 微软的补丁可能加了 mitigation 而不是 fix — 看到
_guard_xfg_dispatch_icall_fptr这种 CFG 强化不要当成 fix,那是 mitigation - 匿名化 — writeup / PoC 公开时脱敏目标机器名、内网 IP、用户名(写
{target_ip}{username}占位) - patched 版本上要能跑通无害化测试 — 别只在 unpatched 上跑,否则可能是环境因素导致的崩溃,不是漏洞
- 二进制 diff 不万能 — 编译器升级 / 优化等级变化也会让函数 layout 大变,先用 N 版本和 N-1 版本(同一编译器)对比,不要跨大版本
按需自举(On-Demand Bootstrap)
工具依赖
| 工具 | 用途 | 可自动安装 |
|---|---|---|
| BinDiff (Google, 5.x+) | 函数级二进制 diff,IDA/Ghidra 插件 | ✓ (有官方 .deb / .msi) |
| Diaphora | IDA 老牌 diff 插件,需要 IDA Pro | ✓ (git clone) |
| ghidriff | Ghidra headless CLI diff,输出 markdown | ✓ (pip install ghidriff) |
| DeepDiff (商业) | 新一代 diff 工具,准确度更高 | ✗ (商业授权) |
| Ghidra | ghidriff 的运行底座 | ✓ |
| IDA Pro | BinDiff / Diaphora 的运行底座 | ✗ (商业) |
| Microsoft Update Catalog | 下 MSU/MSP 补丁包 | 在线服务 |
| wsuspect-proxy | 透明拦截 Windows Update 流量取补丁 | ✓ (git clone) |
| expand.exe / dism | 解 MSU / cab | ✓ (Windows 自带) |
| rpm2cpio / dpkg-deb | 解 Linux 发行版包 | ✓ |
| symchk | 从微软符号服务器拉 PDB | ✓ (Windows SDK) |
自举命令
powershell -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File "<SKILL_ROOT>\skills\scripts\bootstrap-reverse.ps1" -Capability @('bindiff','ghidriff','ghidra','wsuspect-proxy') -StartServices
详细工具对比与命令见 references/diff-tools-comparison.md。
详细 Patch Tuesday 工作流见 references/patch-tuesday-workflow.md。
根因反推与 PoC 模板见 references/root-cause-and-poc.md。
路由上下文
上游入口: skills/SKILL.md(总控)、routing.md
上游 skill:
reverse-engineering/— 在做 diff 之前可能要先理解目标二进制的整体结构binary-diff/— 如果补丁后版本无符号、补丁前有符号,先用 binary-diff 搬符号过来
下游 skill:
pwn-chain/— 反推出 bug class 后,需要写完整利用(堆喷、ROP、SMEP/SMAP 绕过、提权 payload)pentest-tools/network-attack-defense/— 把 N-day 武器化部署到目标网络(包装成可投递载荷、对接 C2)attack-chain/— 把这一个 N-day 串到完整攻击链里(初始访问 → 提权 → 横向)
触发条件: 任务包含"N-day"、"补丁"、"CVE 复现"、"找补丁修了什么"、"打未更新主机" 等意图
任务完成自检(声称完成前 MUST 通过)
- 我是否执行了工作流中的每一步(而不是只阅读)?
- 我是否基于
tool-index使用了真实工具路径? - 我是否产出了可复现证据(命令/脚本/截图/报告)?
- 我是否完成并回写了 RULES 要求的 Checklist 项?
Frequently asked questions about Patch Diff Exploit
Similar skills
Cloudflare Security Audit
Perform authorized security audits on codebases.
Authenticated Scan with OpenVAS
Perform deep vulnerability scans using OpenVAS with credentials.
Active Directory Penetration Test
Conduct focused AD penetration tests with ease.
Active Directory BloodHound Analysis
Visualize Active Directory attack paths and risks.
Orchestrating LLM Attacks with PyRIT
Automate multi-turn adversarial attacks against LLMs.
Operating Sliver C2
Deploy and manage Sliver C2 for red-team engagements.
