Desktop Expert

Expert in Compose Multiplatform Desktop development for AmethystMultiplatform. Covers Desktop-specific APIs, OS conventions, navigation patterns, and UX principles.

When to Use This Skill

Auto-invoke when:

• Working with desktopApp/ module files
• Using Desktop-only APIs: Window, Tray, MenuBar, Dialog
• Implementing keyboard shortcuts, menu systems
• Desktop navigation (NavigationRail, multi-window)
• File system operations (file pickers, drag-drop)
• OS-specific behavior (macOS, Windows, Linux)
• Desktop UX patterns (keyboard-first, tooltips)

Delegate to:

• kotlin-multiplatform: Shared code questions, jvmMain source set structure
• gradle-expert: All build.gradle.kts issues, dependency conflicts
• compose-expert: General Compose patterns, @Composable best practices, Material3

Scope

In scope:

• Desktop-only Compose APIs
• Window management, positioning, state
• MenuBar + keyboard shortcuts (OS-specific)
• System Tray integration
• Desktop navigation patterns (NavigationRail)
• File dialogs, Desktop.getDesktop()
• OS conventions (macOS vs Windows vs Linux)
• Desktop UX principles

Out of scope:

• Build configuration → gradle-expert
• Shared composables → compose-expert
• KMP structure → kotlin-multiplatform

---

1. Desktop Entry Point

application {} DSL

Desktop apps start with the application {} block:

// desktopApp/src/jvmMain/kotlin/Main.kt
fun main() = application {
    val windowState = rememberWindowState(
        width = 1200.dp,
        height = 800.dp,
        position = WindowPosition.Aligned(Alignment.Center)
    )

    Window(
        onCloseRequest = ::exitApplication,
        state = windowState,
        title = "Amethyst"
    ) {
        MenuBar { /* ... */ }
        App()
    }
}

Key points:

• application {} is the root composable (JVM-only)
• Window() creates the main window
• rememberWindowState() manages size/position
• onCloseRequest handles window close

See: desktopApp/src/jvmMain/kotlin/com/vitorpamplona/amethyst/desktop/Main.kt — grep for fun main(), application {, the top-level Window, and MenuBar { (the file is large and line numbers drift; navigate by symbol).

---

2. Window Management

WindowState

val windowState = rememberWindowState(
    width = 1200.dp,
    height = 800.dp,
    position = WindowPosition.Aligned(Alignment.Center)
)

Window(
    state = windowState,
    title = "My App",
    resizable = true,
    onCloseRequest = ::exitApplication
) {
    // Content
}

Multiple Windows

fun main() = application {
    var showSettings by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }

    Window(onCloseRequest = ::exitApplication, title = "Main") {
        Button(onClick = { showSettings = true }) {
            Text("Open Settings")
        }
    }

    if (showSettings) {
        Window(
            onCloseRequest = { showSettings = false },
            title = "Settings"
        ) {
            // Settings UI
        }
    }
}

Pattern: Use state to control window visibility conditionally.

---

3. MenuBar System

Basic MenuBar

Window(onCloseRequest = ::exitApplication, title = "App") {
    MenuBar {
        Menu("File") {
            Item("New Note", onClick = { /* ... */ })
            Separator()
            Item("Quit", onClick = ::exitApplication)
        }
        Menu("Edit") {
            Item("Copy", onClick = { /* ... */ })
            Item("Paste", onClick = { /* ... */ })
        }
    }
    App()
}

Keyboard Shortcuts (OS-Aware)

Current state: Main.kt already branches on isMacOS (declared at L120) for every menu shortcut — if (isMacOS) { KeyShortcut(..., meta = true) } else { KeyShortcut(..., ctrl = true) } (see L239, L249, L286, L313, L325, L335, L347, L358, L374, L384, L400, L416, L449). When adding a new shortcut, follow the same branching pattern rather than hardcoding ctrl = true.

OS-specific shortcuts:

import androidx.compose.ui.input.key.Key
import androidx.compose.ui.input.key.KeyShortcut

// Detect OS
val isMacOS = System.getProperty("os.name").lowercase().contains("mac")

MenuBar {
    Menu("File") {
        Item(
            "New Note",
            shortcut = if (isMacOS) {
                KeyShortcut(Key.N, meta = true)  // Cmd+N on macOS
            } else {
                KeyShortcut(Key.N, ctrl = true)   // Ctrl+N on Win/Linux
            },
            onClick = { /* ... */ }
        )
        Item(
            "Settings",
            shortcut = if (isMacOS) {
                KeyShortcut(Key.Comma, meta = true)  // Cmd+, on macOS
            } else {
                KeyShortcut(Key.Comma, ctrl = true)   // Ctrl+, on Win/Linux
            },
            onClick = { /* ... */ }
        )
        Separator()
        Item(
            "Quit",
            shortcut = if (isMacOS) {
                KeyShortcut(Key.Q, meta = true)  // Cmd+Q on macOS
            } else {
                KeyShortcut(Key.Q, ctrl = true)   // Ctrl+Q on Win/Linux
            },
            onClick = ::exitApplication
        )
    }
}

Standard shortcuts:

Action	macOS	Windows/Linux
New	Cmd+N	Ctrl+N
Open	Cmd+O	Ctrl+O
Save	Cmd+S	Ctrl+S
Quit	Cmd+Q	Ctrl+Q (Alt+F4)
Settings	Cmd+,	Ctrl+,
Copy	Cmd+C	Ctrl+C
Paste	Cmd+V	Ctrl+V
Undo	Cmd+Z	Ctrl+Z

See: references/keyboard-shortcuts.md for full list.

---

4. System Tray

Basic Tray

application {
    var isVisible by remember { mutableStateOf(true) }

    Tray(
        icon = painterResource("icon.png"),
        onAction = { isVisible = true },
        menu = {
            Item("Show", onClick = { isVisible = true })
            Separator()
            Item("Quit", onClick = ::exitApplication)
        }
    )

    if (isVisible) {
        Window(
            onCloseRequest = { isVisible = false }, // Minimize to tray
            title = "App"
        ) {
            // Content
        }
    }
}

Pattern: Hide window to tray instead of closing.

Current status: Not implemented in Main.kt. Planned feature.

---

5. Desktop Navigation Patterns

NavigationRail (Current Pattern)

Desktop uses NavigationRail (vertical sidebar) instead of Android's bottom navigation.

Row(Modifier.fillMaxSize()) {
    // Sidebar
    NavigationRail(
        modifier = Modifier.width(80.dp).fillMaxHeight(),
        containerColor = MaterialTheme.colorScheme.surfaceVariant
    ) {
        NavigationRailItem(
            icon = { Icon(Icons.Default.Home, "Feed") },
            label = { Text("Feed") },
            selected = currentScreen == AppScreen.Feed,
            onClick = { currentScreen = AppScreen.Feed }
        )
        // More items...
    }

    VerticalDivider()

    // Main content area
    Box(Modifier.weight(1f).fillMaxHeight()) {
        when (currentScreen) {
            AppScreen.Feed -> FeedScreen()
            // Other screens...
        }
    }
}

In Amethyst Desktop: the sidebar is the custom MainSidebar composable in desktopApp/.../ui/deck/DeckSidebar.kt, instantiated from Main.kt and shared by both layout modes (SinglePaneLayout and the multi-pane DeckLayout alongside it). It is hand-rolled, not Material's NavigationRail — use NavigationRail only for new, simpler cases.

Why a left sidebar?

• Desktop has horizontal space (1200+ dp width)
• Vertical sidebar is standard desktop pattern
• Always visible (no tabs hidden)
• Icon + label both visible

Android comparison:

• Android: BottomNavigationBar (horizontal, bottom)
• Desktop: left vertical sidebar (MainSidebar)

Multi-Pane Layouts

Desktop can leverage wide screens:

Row {
    // Left: Navigation
    NavigationRail { /* ... */ }

    // Center: Main content
    Box(Modifier.weight(0.6f)) {
        FeedScreen()
    }

    // Right: Details pane (desktop only)
    if (selectedNote != null) {
        VerticalDivider()
        Box(Modifier.weight(0.4f)) {
            NoteDetailPane(selectedNote)
        }
    }
}

See: references/desktop-navigation.md

---

6. File System Integration

File Dialogs

// File picker (load)
val fileDialog = FileDialog(Frame(), "Select file", FileDialog.LOAD)
fileDialog.isVisible = true
val filePath = fileDialog.file?.let { "${fileDialog.directory}$it" }

// File picker (save)
val saveDialog = FileDialog(Frame(), "Save file", FileDialog.SAVE)
saveDialog.isVisible = true
val savePath = saveDialog.file?.let { "${saveDialog.directory}$it" }

Note: Compose Desktop doesn't have native file picker composable yet. Use AWT FileDialog.

Open External URLs

// jvmMain actual implementation
actual fun openExternalUrl(url: String) {
    if (Desktop.isDesktopSupported()) {
        Desktop.getDesktop().browse(URI(url))
    }
}

Pattern: Define expect in commonMain, implement actual in jvmMain.

Drag & Drop (Future)

// Compose Desktop drag-drop (experimental)
Box(
    modifier = Modifier
        .onExternalDrag(
            onDragStart = { /* ... */ },
            onDrag = { /* ... */ },
            onDragExit = { /* ... */ },
            onDrop = { state ->
                val dragData = state.dragData
                // Handle dropped files
            }
        )
) {
    Text("Drop files here")
}

---

7. OS-Specific Conventions

Platform Detection

val osName = System.getProperty("os.name").lowercase()

val isMacOS = osName.contains("mac")
val isWindows = osName.contains("win")
val isLinux = osName.contains("nux") || osName.contains("nix")

Menu Bar Placement

OS	Behavior
macOS	System-wide menu bar at top of screen
Windows	In-window menu bar
Linux	Varies by desktop environment

Compose Desktop MenuBar adapts automatically.

Keyboard Modifier Keys

Modifier	macOS	Windows/Linux
Primary	meta = true (Cmd)	ctrl = true
Secondary	ctrl = true	alt = true
Shift	shift = true	shift = true

Best practice: Detect OS and use appropriate modifier.

System Tray Behavior

OS	Tray Location
macOS	Top-right menu bar
Windows	Bottom-right taskbar
Linux	Top panel (varies)

---

8. Desktop UX Principles

Keyboard-First Design

Every action should have:

1. Mouse/touch interaction
2. Keyboard shortcut (if frequent)
3. Tooltip showing shortcut

IconButton(
    onClick = { /* refresh */ },
    modifier = Modifier.tooltipArea(
        tooltip = {
            Text("Refresh (${if (isMacOS) "Cmd" else "Ctrl"}+R)")
        }
    )
) {
    Icon(Icons.Default.Refresh, "Refresh")
}

Tooltip Best Practices

• Show keyboard shortcut in tooltip
• Use native modifier name (Cmd vs Ctrl)
• Brief description + shortcut

Context Menus

Right-click should show context menu:

// Future: Compose Desktop context menu API
Box(
    modifier = Modifier.contextMenuArea(
        items = {
            listOf(
                ContextMenuItem("Copy") { /* ... */ },
                ContextMenuItem("Paste") { /* ... */ }
            )
        }
    )
) {
    // Content
}

Current: Use popup or custom implementation.

Window State Persistence

Save/restore window size/position:

// Save on close
windowState.size // DpSize
windowState.position // WindowPosition

// Restore on launch
val savedWidth = preferences.getInt("window.width", 1200)
val savedHeight = preferences.getInt("window.height", 800)

val windowState = rememberWindowState(
    width = savedWidth.dp,
    height = savedHeight.dp
)

---

9. Desktop Module Structure

desktopApp/
├── build.gradle.kts                  # Desktop-only build config
└── src/
    └── jvmMain/
        ├── kotlin/
        │   └── com/vitorpamplona/amethyst/desktop/
        │       ├── Main.kt               # Entry point, Window, MenuBar
        │       ├── network/
        │       │   ├── DesktopHttpClient.kt
        │       │   └── DesktopRelayConnectionManager.kt
        │       └── ui/
        │           ├── FeedScreen.kt     # Desktop screen layouts
        │           └── LoginScreen.kt
        └── resources/
            ├── icon.icns                 # macOS icon
            ├── icon.ico                  # Windows icon
            └── icon.png                  # Linux icon

Key files:

• desktopApp/src/jvmMain/kotlin/com/vitorpamplona/amethyst/desktop/Main.kt — fun main() L172, application { L186, Window L229, MenuBar L234 (OS-aware shortcuts begin at L239)
• desktopApp/src/jvmMain/kotlin/com/vitorpamplona/amethyst/desktop/ui/deck/SinglePaneLayout.kt — NavigationRail at L97
• desktopApp/src/jvmMain/kotlin/com/vitorpamplona/amethyst/desktop/ui/deck/ — DeckLayout, WorkspaceManager, DeckState (multi-pane)
• desktopApp/build.gradle.kts — desktop packaging config (DMG/MSI/DEB)

---

10. Packaging & Distribution

Build Configuration

// desktopApp/build.gradle.kts
compose.desktop {
    application {
        mainClass = "com.vitorpamplona.amethyst.desktop.MainKt"

        nativeDistributions {
            targetFormats(TargetFormat.Dmg, TargetFormat.Msi, TargetFormat.Deb)

            packageName = "Amethyst"
            packageVersion = "1.0.0"

            macOS {
                bundleID = "com.vitorpamplona.amethyst.desktop"
                iconFile.set(project.file("src/jvmMain/resources/icon.icns"))
            }

            windows {
                iconFile.set(project.file("src/jvmMain/resources/icon.ico"))
                menuGroup = "Amethyst"
            }

            linux {
                iconFile.set(project.file("src/jvmMain/resources/icon.png"))
            }
        }
    }
}

See: desktopApp/build.gradle.kts:45-73

Gradle Tasks

# Run desktop app
./gradlew :desktopApp:run

# Package for distribution
./gradlew :desktopApp:packageDmg       # macOS
./gradlew :desktopApp:packageMsi       # Windows
./gradlew :desktopApp:packageDeb       # Linux

Delegate packaging issues to gradle-expert.

---

Common Patterns

Pattern: OS-Aware Shortcuts Helper

// commons/src/jvmMain/kotlin/shortcuts/ShortcutUtils.kt
object DesktopShortcuts {
    private val isMacOS = System.getProperty("os.name")
        .lowercase().contains("mac")

    fun primary(key: Key) = if (isMacOS) {
        KeyShortcut(key, meta = true)
    } else {
        KeyShortcut(key, ctrl = true)
    }

    fun primaryShift(key: Key) = if (isMacOS) {
        KeyShortcut(key, meta = true, shift = true)
    } else {
        KeyShortcut(key, ctrl = true, shift = true)
    }

    val modifierName = if (isMacOS) "Cmd" else "Ctrl"
}

// Usage in MenuBar
Item(
    "New Note",
    shortcut = DesktopShortcuts.primary(Key.N),
    onClick = { /* ... */ }
)

Pattern: Shared Composables, Platform Layouts

// commons/commonMain - Shared NoteCard
@Composable
fun NoteCard(note: NoteDisplayData) {
    // Business logic, UI component (shared)
}

// desktopApp/jvmMain - Desktop layout
@Composable
fun FeedScreen() {
    Column {
        FeedHeader(/* ... */)  // Shared from commons
        LazyColumn {
            items(notes) { note ->
                NoteCard(note)  // Shared composable
            }
        }
    }
}

// amethyst/androidMain - Android layout
@Composable
fun FeedScreen() {
    Scaffold(
        bottomBar = { BottomNavigationBar() }  // Android-specific
    ) {
        LazyColumn {
            items(notes) { note ->
                NoteCard(note)  // Same shared composable
            }
        }
    }
}

Philosophy: Share UI components (cards, buttons), keep navigation/layout platform-specific.

---

Resources

Official Documentation

• Desktop-only API | Kotlin Multiplatform
• Top-level windows management
• Tray/MenuBar Tutorial

Bundled References

• references/desktop-compose-apis.md - Complete Desktop API catalog
• references/desktop-navigation.md - NavigationRail vs BottomNav patterns
• references/keyboard-shortcuts.md - Standard shortcuts by OS
• references/os-detection.md - Platform detection patterns

Codebase Examples

• Main.kt — Window + MenuBar entry point (application L186, Window L229, MenuBar L234)
• ui/deck/SinglePaneLayout.kt — NavigationRail at L97
• ui/deck/DeckLayout.kt / WorkspaceManager.kt — multi-pane workspace
• ui/feed/ — Desktop feed screens
• ui/login/ — Centered desktop login

---

Questions to Ask

When working on desktop features:

1. Should this be shared or desktop-only?

   • Business logic → Share in commonMain
   • Navigation/layout → Keep in desktopApp/jvmMain

2. Does this need OS-specific behavior?

   • Keyboard shortcuts → Yes (Cmd vs Ctrl)
   • File paths → Yes (separators)
   • Icons → Yes (per-OS formats)

3. Is there a desktop UX convention?

   • Check MenuBar standards
   • Consider keyboard-first design
   • Tooltips for all actions

4. Does this need gradle-expert?

   • Any build.gradle.kts changes → Delegate
   • Packaging/distribution issues → Delegate

---

Anti-Patterns

❌ Hardcoding Ctrl everywhere

// Do NOT do this in a new shortcut:
shortcut = KeyShortcut(Key.N, ctrl = true)  // Wrong on macOS

✅ OS-aware shortcuts (the pattern Main.kt already uses)

shortcut = if (isMacOS) {
    KeyShortcut(Key.N, meta = true)    // Cmd+N on macOS
} else {
    KeyShortcut(Key.N, ctrl = true)    // Ctrl+N on Win/Linux
}

---

❌ Using Android navigation on Desktop

Scaffold(bottomBar = { BottomNavigationBar() })  // Wrong for desktop

✅ NavigationRail for desktop

Row {
    NavigationRail { /* ... */ }
    MainContent()
}

---

❌ No keyboard shortcuts

IconButton(onClick = { refresh() }) {
    Icon(Icons.Default.Refresh, "Refresh")
}

✅ Shortcuts + tooltips

IconButton(
    onClick = { refresh() },
    modifier = Modifier.tooltipArea("Refresh (Cmd+R)")
) {
    Icon(Icons.Default.Refresh, "Refresh")
}

---

Next Steps

When implementing desktop features:

1. Read references/desktop-compose-apis.md for API catalog
2. Check references/keyboard-shortcuts.md for standard shortcuts
3. Reference Main.kt (entry point L172-L450+) and ui/deck/SinglePaneLayout.kt (NavigationRail) for current patterns
4. Test on all 3 platforms (macOS, Windows, Linux) if possible
5. Delegate build issues to gradle-expert
6. Share UI components via compose-expert, not desktop-expert

---

Version: 1.0.0 Last Updated: 2025-12-30 Codebase Reference: AmethystMultiplatform commit 258c4e011